Annual Report 2019

115 ANNUAL REPORT 2019 2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES The principal accounting policies of the Group applied below are the same as the accounting policies of the Group’s reportable segments. These policies have been consistently applied to all the years presented, unless otherwise stated. 2.1 Basis of preparation The consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Hong Kong Financial Reporting Standards (“HKFRSs”) issued by the Hong Kong Institute of Certified Public Accountants (the “HKICPA”) and the Hong Kong Companies Ordinance. In addition, the consolidated financial statements include applicable disclosures required by the Rules Governing the Listing of Securities on the HKSE (the “Listing Rules”). The consolidated financial statements have been prepared under the historical cost convention, as modified by the revaluation of investment properties, financial assets at fair value through profit or loss (“FVTPL”), equity instruments at FVTOCI and financial liabilities at FVTPL which are carried at fair value. Historical cost is generally based on the fair value of the consideration given in exchange for goods and services. Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date, regardless of whether that price is directly observable or estimated using another valuation technique. In estimating the fair value of an asset or a liability, the Group takes into account the characteristics of the asset or liability if market participants would take those characteristics into account when pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date. Fair value for measurement and/or disclosure purposes in these consolidated financial statements is determined on such a basis, except for share-based payment transactions that are within the scope of HKFRS 2 “Share-based Payment”, leasing transactions that are accounted for in accordance with HKFRS 16 “Leases” (“HKFRS 16”, since 1 January 2019) or Hong Kong Accounting Standard (“HKAS”) “Leases” (“HKAS 17”, before application of HKFRS 16), and measurements that have some similarities to fair value but are not fair value, such as net realisable value in HKAS 2 “Inventories” or value in use in HKAS 36 “Impairment of Assets” (“HKAS 36”). A fair value measurement of a non-financial asset takes into account a market participant’s ability to generate economic benefits by using the asset in its highest and best use or by selling it to another market participant that would use the asset in its highest and best use. For financial instruments and investment properties which are transacted at fair value and a valuation technique that unobservable inputs is to be used to measure fair value in subsequent periods, the valuation technique is calibrated so that the result of the valuation technique equals the transaction price.