Annual Report 2023

103 ANNUAL REPORT 2023 2. MATERIAL ACCOUNTING POLICY INFORMATION (CONTINUED) 2.4 Foreign currency translation (i) Functional and presentation currency Items included in the financial statements of each of the Group’s entities are measured using the currency of the primary economic environment in which the entity operates (the “functional currency”). (ii) Transactions and balances Foreign currency transactions are translated into the functional currency using the exchange rates prevailing at the dates of the transactions or valuation where items are re-measured. Foreign exchange gains and losses resulting from the settlement of such transactions and from the translation at year end exchange rates of monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are recognised in consolidated statement of profit or loss, except for exchange differences on foreign currency borrowing relating to assets under construction for future productive use, which are included in the cost of those assets and are regarded as an adjustment to interest costs on those foreign currency borrowings. All foreign exchange gains and losses are presented in the consolidated statement of profit or loss within “other income and other gains/(losses), net”. Translation differences on non-monetary financial assets, such as equity investments classified as FVTOCI, are included in other comprehensive income. (iii) Group companies The results and financial position of all group entities that have a functional currency different from the presentation currency are translated into the presentation currency as follows: ‧ assets and liabilities for each statement of financial position presented are translated at the year end exchange rate; ‧ income and expenses for each statement of profit or loss are translated at average exchange rates (unless this average is not a reasonable approximation of the cumulative effect of the rates prevailing on the transaction dates, in which case income and expenses are translated at the dates of the transactions); and ‧ all resulting exchange differences are recognised in other comprehensive income. Goodwill and fair value adjustments on identifiable assets acquired arising on the acquisition of a foreign entity are treated as assets and liabilities of the foreign entity and translated at the year end exchange rate. Exchange differences arising therefrom are recognised in other comprehensive income.