Annual Report 2020

99 NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS 綜合財務報表附註 FOR THE YEAR ENDED 31ST DECEMBER, 2020 截至二零二零年十二月三十一日止年度 ANNUAL REPORT 2020 年度報告 3. 綜合財務報表編製基準及主要會計政策 （續） 主要會計政策 （續） 金融工具 （續） 財務資產（續） 財務資產減值 （續） (v) 預期信貸虧損之計量及確認 （續） 一般而言，預期信貸虧損為根據合約應付本 集團之所有合約現金流量與本集團預期收取 之所有現金流量之間的差額（按初始確認時釐 定之有效利率貼現）。 考慮到逾期資料及相關信貸資料（如前瞻宏觀 經濟資料），若干貿易應收款項之全期預期信 貸虧損乃按集體基準予以考慮。 就集體評估而言，本集團將於制定組別時考 慮以下特性： • 逾期情況； • 債務人之性質、規模及行業；及 • 可用之外部信貸評級。 歸類工作經管理層定期檢討，以確保各組別 成份繼續具備類似信貸風險特性。 利息收入乃根據財務資產的總賬面值計算， 除非財務資產已錄得信貸減值，其時利息收 入乃根據財務資產的攤銷成本計量。 本集團就所有金融工具，透過調整其賬面 值，以於損益確認減值收益或虧損，惟貿易 應收款項除外，其相應調整透過虧損撥備賬 確認。 3. BASIS OF PREPARATION OF CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES (Continued) Significant accounting policies (Continued) Financial instruments (Continued) Financial assets (Continued) Impairment of financial assets (Continued) (v) Measurement and recognition of ECL (Continued) Generally, the ECL is the difference between all contractual cash flows that are due to the Group in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive, discounted at the effective interest rate determined at initial recognition. Lifetime ECL for certain trade receivables are cons i de r ed on a co l l ec t i ve bas i s t ak i ng i n t o consideration past due information and relevant credit information such as forward looking macroeconomic information. For collective assessment, the Group takes into consideration the following characteristics when formulating the grouping: • Past-due status; • Nature, size and industry of debtors; and • External credit ratings where available. The grouping is regularly reviewed by management to ensure the constituents of each group continue to share similar credit risk characteristics. Interest income is calculated based on the gross carrying amount of the financial asset unless the financial asset is credit-impaired, in which case interest income is calculated based on amortised cost of the financial asset. The Group recognises an impairment gain or loss in profit or loss for all financial instruments by adjusting their carrying amount, with the exception of trade receivables where the corresponding adjustment is recognised through a loss allowance account.