Annual Report 2022

Transport International Holdings Limited 2022 Annual Report 104 FINANCIAL REVIEW Interest Rate Risk In view of the volatile financial markets and the prospect of interest rate hikes, the Group will continue to closely monitor the market conditions and devise suitable strategies to manage its exposure to interest rate risk. Different techniques and instruments, including natural hedges achieved by spreading loans over different rollover periods and maturity dates, and derivative financial instruments such as interest rate swaps, will be considered as and when appropriate. As at 31 December 2022, all of the Group’s borrowings were denominated in Hong Kong dollars and on a floating interest rate basis. The Group regularly reviews its strategy on interest rate risk management in the light of the prevailing market conditions. The Group’s major subsidiary, KMB, has been assigned an “A” credit rating by Standard & Poor’s since 14 January 2002. The credit rating agency viewed KMB as an integrated economic entity of Transport International Holdings Limited. Accordingly, the rating of KMB also reflects the Group’s credit profile. Fuel Price Risk The impact of fuel price movements on the results of the Group’s core franchised bus operations can be significant. Although exposure to fluctuations in the fuel price might be managed by the use of fuel derivatives, the Group has carefully evaluated and considered the pros and cons of entering into fuel price hedging arrangements and concluded that fuel price hedging would be as risky as not hedging, and would not necessarily result in a better financial position for the Group in the long term. Alternatively, the Group enters into contracts with diesel suppliers from time to time for the supply of diesel. A price cap arrangement, which enables the Group to benefit from the fall in international fuel oil prices while limiting risk exposure in the event that oil prices rise above the cap level, has been introduced in some of these contracts. It is expected that the fuel price will continue to be volatile, and management will continue to closely monitor fuel price movements and constantly review its strategy in respect of fuel price risk management in the light of prevailing market conditions. Credit Risk The Group’s credit risk is primarily attributable to trade and other receivables and debt investments. Management has a credit policy in place under which exposure to credit risk is monitored on an ongoing basis. In respect of trade and other receivables, credit evaluations are performed on major customers requiring credit over a certain amount. Regular reviews and any necessary follow-up action are carried out on overdue amounts to minimise the Group’s exposure to credit risk. An ageing analysis of the receivables is prepared on a regular basis and is closely monitored to minimise any credit risk associated with these receivables. The Group has established treasury management guidelines for investment of surplus cash reserves in debt securities for yield enhancement purposes. Limits are set for the total portfolio size and individual debt securities to minimise the overall risk as well as the concentration risk. The credit ratings of the debt issuers and market news relating to them, as available, are closely monitored over the life of the transactions. In addition, investment portfolio and investment strategies will be monitored and reviewed on a regular basis to minimise the risk of default on the investments in debt securities. Cash at bank and bank deposits are placed with licensed financial institutions with high credit ratings and the Group monitors the exposure to each financial institution. The Group does not provide guarantees to third parties which would expose the Group to credit risk.