Annual Report 2023

209 2023 Annual Report Transport International Holdings Limited NOTES TO THE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Expressed in Hong Kong dollars unless otherwise indicated) 1 Material accounting policies (continued) (n) Credit losses and impairment of assets (i) Credit losses from financial instruments The Group recognises a loss allowance for ECLs on the following items: – financial assets measured at amortised cost (including bank deposits and cash, trade and other receivables, including loan to joint venture, which is held for the collection of contractual cash flows which represent solely payments of principal); and – investments in debt securities measured at FVOCI (recycling). Other financial assets measured at fair value, including equity securities measured at FVPL, equity securities designated at FVOCI (non-recycling) and derivative financial assets, are not subject to the ECL assessment. Measurement of ECLs ECLs are a probability-weighted estimate of credit losses. Credit losses are measured as the present value of all expected cash shortfalls (i.e. the difference between the cash flows due to the Group in accordance with the contract and the cash flows that the Group expects to receive). The expected cash shortfalls are discounted using the following discount rates where the effect of discounting is material: – fixed-rate financial assets and trade and other receivables: effective interest rate determined at initial recognition or an approximation thereof; – variable-rate financial assets: current effective interest rate. The maximum period considered when estimating ECLs is the maximum contractual period over which the Group is exposed to credit risk. In measuring ECLs, the Group takes into account reasonable and supportable information that is available without undue cost or effort. This includes information about past events, current conditions and forecasts of future economic conditions. ECLs are measured on either of the following bases: – 12-month ECLs: these are losses that are expected to result from possible default events within the 12 months after the reporting date; and – lifetime ECLs: these are losses that are expected to result from all possible default events over the expected lives of the items to which the ECL model applies. Loss allowances for trade receivables are always measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs. ECLs on these financial assets are estimated using a provision matrix based on the Group’s historical credit loss experience, adjusted for factors that are specific to the debtors and an assessment of both the current and forecast general economic conditions at the reporting date. For all other financial instruments, the Group recognises a loss allowance equal to 12-month ECLs unless there has been a significant increase in credit risk of the financial instrument since initial recognition, in which case the loss allowance is measured at an amount equal to lifetime ECLs.